FORMS OF INDONESIAN SPEAKERS’ REJECTION TO COMPLIMENT RESPONSES TOWARD AMERICAN SPEAKERS IN THE ENGLISH CONVERSATIONS
| Main Author: | wenita, Wenita; Menjadi Pengisi Jurnal Dikdaya |
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| Format: | Article info eJournal |
| Terbitan: |
Universitas Batanghari
, 2015
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| Online Access: |
http://journal.unbari.ac.id/index.php/JIP/article/view/101 http://journal.unbari.ac.id/index.php/JIP/article/downloadSuppFile/101/13 |
Daftar Isi:
- WENNYTA* Abstract: The present study investigates how Indonesian speakers show negative responses in form of rejection toward compliments given by American speakers in the English conversation in Indonesia. The data is taken from the conversation with natural setting between Indonesian Speaker and American Speaker in which there are ten pairs of both groups. By applying theory proposed by Herbert (1998), there are many variants of rejection which occurred in the conversation between Indonesian Speaker with American Speaker. The analysis showed that Indonesian speakers mostly use No Acknowledgment strategy in responding to the compliments given by American speakers which is caused by the unawareness of the existence of the compliments. Furthermore, it could also be triggered by the form of cultural value of Indonesian speaker in which they stress indirectness in conversing with Western people or strangers. The analysis also showed that Indonesian speakers also use Qualification strategy in the second position in which it is triggered by the value of modesty. Responding the compliments with Qualification strategy is a symbol of modesty of Indonesian culture in whichIndonesian people are more likely to give a reason in rejecting a compliment. Furthermore, using modesty also shows that the Indonesian speakers’ avoid self-praise. Keywords: Indonesian Speaker, Compliment Responses, Rejection, American Speakers. INTRODUCTION There are various reasons to pay compliments, some are to express admiration, approve somebody’s work, to establish solidarity, to open and sustain conversation and to exchange greetings (Wolfson: 1981). Therefore, the function of compliment is crucial to establish and maintain social relationship between speaker and hearer. Wennyta adalah dosen Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Batanghari It is unavoidable that giving and responding to compliment is an important part in communication because it can reduces the problems that may occur in communication such as uneasy feeling or imposition of the hearer. Besides, giving compliments gives a sense that the speaker feels comfortable in talking to the hearer, especially for positive comments which can bring the conversation into polite ways. Fasold (1990) states that “Paying a compliment is a symbol of positive politeness strategy that serves as a ‘social lubricant’ by diminishing elements such as distance and power and by strengthening solidarity between the interlocutors.” In this research, compliment is a particularly suitable speech act in investigating one culture through language context. This study plays a role in communication across culture in which those cultures have a different cultural background. In cross-cultural interactions, perhaps the use of compliments is different between cultures, depending upon their norms and conventions. This matter happens because it is influenced by the cultural background of their cultures. For instance, a speaker give a compliment to the addressee by saying ‘You are looking awesome’ and he gets the response, ‘Oh no, not at all’. Commonly, some people would react to this compliment by saying ‘Thank you’ whereas the more self-effacing kind others would respond to a compliment such as: ‘You have a nice phone’ by saying something like, ‘Oh this old thing!’ These matters happen because there is a possibility that the two interlocutors might misunderstand each other because a difference in cultural values from each other. Another example can be seen from the response of an American who consider the remark “You look really nice today” as an indicator of genuine appreciation compared to a Frenchman’s attitude who take it as insult considering that implies the reverse (Merilll-Valdes, 1986). It is very important for us to highlight how people from different cultures are using compliment responses in the cultures where they live. The representation of cultural background in speech act can be seen from Wierzbicka (2003) who states “Different ways of speaking, different communicative styles, can be explained and made sense of, in terms of independently established different cultural values and cultural priorities.” Moreover, Blum-Kulka (1989) states that “speech acts like compliments are subject to sociolinguistic and cultural variations.” Certain cultures are substantially more prone to complimenting than others, or they may choose more indirect means of performing speech acts, such as expressing praise. Holmes (1986) proposed that “compliments are generally paid and appreciated in Western culture, yet, in Eastern culture, they are rejected or denied the compliments from the addressor (Gu, 1990; Chen, 1993).” Such differences in using compliments across cultures are very interesting thing to reveal so that people will understand the factors which trigger these matters. This present research investigates how Indonesian speaker responds to compliments in their conversation especially negative responses in form of rejection. Furthermore, the use of those compliment responses will be connected with Indonesian cultural values which show how far it affects Indonesian speakersin responding to compliments. The researcher would like to figure out whether Indonesian speakers are going to bring their own cultural values during their communication with American speakers or one would adjust themselves with the culture of the other. Moreover, the speech act of complimenting and responding might be the result of different interpretations of the function of compliment itself, which may be due to the influence of culture within in which the compliment is given. It is very important to adapt the study of compliment responses and put in cross-cultural background in the analysis in order to bring deep understanding in the analysis contrastively or equally. There are two main problems to investigate in this research as follows: What are the forms of rejection that are commonly used by Indonesian speakers in responding to compliments given by American speakers? How do the cultural values affect the forms of rejection used by Indonesian speakers in their responses to compliments in English conversation? There are so many theories used in this research in order to find out the answers for the research questions above. Since this research is related to the meaning of utterances that are spoken, it is necessary to include pragmatic study. Pragmatic study also investigates the relationship between contexts and conversational conventions that speakers follow in order to cooperate and be socially acceptable to each other (Cutting, 2002). Furthermore, in cross cultural interaction, cross cultural pragmatic study is also needed in supporting the analysis through the cultural background of Indonesian speakers. Yule (1996: 87) stated that cross-cultural pragmatics is the study of different expectations among different communities regarding how the meaning of each utterance is constructed. Through that quotation, it can be concluded that communication is different in every cultures based on the way they utter their speech act. Moreover, since this research is a face-to-face interaction between speakers from different cultures, the use of context is extremely needed in order to determine the meaning of an utterance. The existence of context is very helpful in identifying the sequential context of utterances, not just adjacency, it is necessary for message interpretation. According to Sperber and Wilson (1989: 15), "a context is a psychological construct, a subset of the hearer's assumptions about the world." Context can identifies and support a wide range of meanings. Therefore, it can be concluded that context is an important aspect in communication. In analyzing compliment responses that are used by Indonesian speakers in their conversation, compliment responses theory are needed in order to identify which form of rejection is used by Indonesian speakers. The first study of compliments is proposed by Pomerantz (1978) who investigated compliment responses from conversation analytic perspective. Her results claimed that in American English, the recipients of compliments use various types to respond compliments, as follows 1) Acceptance, 2) Rejection, 3) Self-praise Avoidance. Herbert (1990) developed the compliment responses theory from the previous research which was proposed by Pomerantz (1975). He pointed out that thetheory of compliments consists of three-categories which are 1) Agreement, 2) Non-agreement, and 3) Other interpretations. Furthermore, in analyzing the forms of rejection in responding to compliments, only the category of non-agreement is needed. Non-agreement category is divided into five taxonomy, they are: Scale down, Question, Disagreement, Qualification, and No acknowledgment. Moreover, the use of compliment responses is connected to the cultural value of Indonesian speaker which tend to use indirectness and modesty as a typical of their cultural value. Geertz (1976: 240-248) in Wierzbicka stressed that “‘indirection’ and ‘dissimulation’ characteristic of Javanese culture, and contrasts these features with those characteristic of American culture”. REJECTION AS A FORM OF COMPLIMENT RESPONSES There are three major kinds of compliment responses based on the linguists who conduct the linguistic researches in perspective compliment responses. One of them is the rejection form. Rejection is one of the results of compliment responses which show disagreement, denial, or refusal toward the compliment. Rejections to compliments are not formed with (negated) appreciations plus account. Rather the primary way in which compliments are rejected is with disagreements or qualifications of the prior complimentary assertions (Pomerantz, 1978). This means, the rejection toward a compliment is not conducted just by disregarding the praise or appreciation. The rejection tends to be conveyed by using active disagreement to the compliment or reclassification of the prior appreciation to make the recipient of the compliment is no longer legible to the compliment. Herbert (1990) proposed rejection type in terms of Non-agreement in which he claimed that by using non-agreement, the recipient of the compliment asserts that the object that is being complimented is not worth complimenting: the first speaker’s assertion is in error. There are five strategies as a sub-major of non-agreement. 1) Scale down ‘It’s really quite old’, 2) Question ‘Do you really think so?’, 3) Disagreement ‘I hate it’, 4) Qualification ‘It’s all right, but Len’s is the best’, 5) No Acknowledgment ‘silence’. Generally, there are many factors that influence the use of these forms of responses as a strategy in rejecting compliment from the complimenter, some of these factors are social relation, statuses, social variables, and cultural value. In this research, the use of rejection as the response to compliment is analyzed as an influence of cultural value. RESEARCH METHOD The data is taken from the conversations between Indonesian speakers and American speakers in natural setting that take place in an English conversation club named “The Center” in Bandung, Indonesia. The Center is an English club where there are many people who are coming to join, practice and learn English with Native English Speaker who mostly come from America. The subjects of this research are ten pairs of Indonesian speakers and American speakers. Both of the groups are college students and graduate college students between the ages of 20-26 years old. The data is analyzed by using qualitative method. According to Denzin and Lincoln (1994), qualitative research focuses on interpretation of phenomena in their natural settings to make sense in terms of the meanings people bring to these settings. Qualitative research involves collecting information about personal experiences, introspection, life story, interviews, observations, historical, interactions and visual text which are significant moments and meaningful in peoples' lives. Pope and Mays (1995) states qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings as an effort to discover the meanings seen by those who are being researched (or subjects) rather than that of the researcher. There, a non-participant observation method is applied in collecting the data (Burnst, 1994).This observation method means that the researcher is not involved in the conversation, the participants merely communicate and interact with each other. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION This research is analyzed by using Herbert theory (1998) who divides compliment responses into twelve categories. Since this research is only focused on the forms of rejection which are applied by Indonesian speakers. The analysis of the rejection forms would be connected with the twelve categories that are stated in Herbert theory. Moreover, there are only two strategies that are used by Indonesian speakers in responding to compliments that are given by American speakers to them. A. Qualification strategy by Indonesian Speakers Qualification strategy is used when the complimentee shows disagreement but he/she merely qualifies the original assertion, usually by using though, but, well, etc. For example: 1) C: Hey, your boyfriend is handsome. R: That’s true, but Sara’s is more handsome. 2) C: Nice bag! R: Right, thought yours is nicer. In both of the example above, the recipients of compliment show an approval before they qualify the complimented object with another reference by using “but” and “thought”. This research shows that qualification strategy did occur in Indonesian speakers’ utterances in responding to compliments given by American speakers. The data shows responses to compliment using qualification strategy that are different in form. In both of the example above, there is an approval before the complimenter qualifies the object of the compliment, this can be seen from “That’s true” or “Right”. Data of Indonesian speakers’ compliment responses shows that most of the responses jump to the qualification of the original assertion without showing an approval at the beginning of their responses. Some data are provided below: (1) A: I cannot speak Javanese, I just speak Sundanese but I speak little Japanese. B: Japanese? How did you know Japanese? A: So I learnt it two years. B: Oh...Wow you must be good. A: But I just forgot I ever know two hundred Kanji B: Do you know Kanji? A is an Indonesian male and B is an American female. Both of them are University graduate and the American female has been in Indonesia for 2 months. The interaction above occurred after both of the speakers finished talking about their names. Furthermore, they jumped into another topic which is language. A said that he cannot speak Javanese, but he speaks Sundanese and a little Japanese. It triggered a question from American speaker about how does he knows about Japanese. As A replied, A said that he learn Japanese for two years. This answer makes B apply a compliment toward A in which she praise his ability in learning Japanese, which can be seen from her utterance “Oh...Wow you must be good” As a response toward this compliment, A answered “But I just forgot I ever know two hundred Kanji”. His utterance indicated that he uses rejection toward that compliment. It is assumed that he used Qualification strategy in which he disagrees with that compliment and directly qualifies the original assertion by using “but” which is typical for Qualification strategy. Besides, he uses this strategy without adding approval in his utterance unlike what Herbert (1990) mentioned in his theory of Qualification strategy in which recipients tend to use an approval before they qualify the object of the compliment. Related to Indonesian cultural background, A did not want to accept that compliment because he thinks ‘it’s too much’. From his utterances, it is assumed that he already forgot every lesson that he had ever taken in his Japanese course. Because of that, he used Qualification strategy as a way to reject the compliment that given to him. This could be seen from his utterance “But I just forgot I ever know two hundred Kanji”. This matter did not trigger a problem of miscommunication between both of them because A gave a reasonable response of why he rejected that compliment. By using this strategy, this Indonesian speaker clearly brings modesty as a value from his culture that is shown when he did not ignore the compliment in order to show his respect and polite behavior toward the American. The next interaction below also indicated that Indonesian speaker still uses Qualification strategy in order to show modesty toward the complimenter. (2) H: Actually I have graduated from UPI. I studied Arabic but I continue to study English. A: Oh wow. So you can understand Arabic? H: Yeah. A: Yeah? You can read it? H: Read and speak, listen Arabic. A: Oh wow...wow that’s awesome. H: But I prefer learn English than Arabic. The interaction above involves two different participants, A is an Indonesian man who is just graduated from university and B is an American woman who works in a hospital in America. Both of them have just met for the first time. In the interaction above, A said that he has already graduated from UPI. He also said that he studied Arabic and continues to study English. As a comment, B asked him whether he understands and speaks Arabic. As an answer, A said that he can read, speak, and listen to Arabic which makes B forces compliment toward him. It can be seen from her utterance “Oh wow...wow that’s awesome”. Her utterance is referring to A’s ability in understanding Arabic language. Furthermore, A responded by using a form of rejection in compliment responses theory which is Qualification strategy. It can be seen from his utterance “But I prefer learn English than Arabic” which indicates that the complimentee also shows the disagreement and directly qualifies the original assertion by using “but” In their interaction, once again it can be seen that A carries modesty as Indonesian cultural value which can be seen from the disagreement in his compliment response “But I prefer learn English than Arabic”. It suggests that he indirectly expressed that he wanted to be better in English rather than Arabic language. So there is probability that he will accept that compliment if he is good at English. Generally, modesty is used to shows a respect and polite behavior toward the complimenter. Furthermore, there is a possibility that this matter triggers misunderstanding toward the American speaker because he did not show appreciation toward the compliment that is given by her, but because of her lack of understanding of Indonesian culture, she continued the conversation by coming to another topic. While there are the uses of Qualification strategy that is different compared to the one proposed by Herbert, there are also some use of appropriate Qualification strategy which fit the strategy proposed by Herbert. The datum below shows the use of qualification strategy that fit Herbert’s theory. There is an indication of approval before the recipient of the compliment qualifies the object by using but, though, well, etc. (3) N: In their shop, they have shoes and then they sell it. I think I’m good at lip service. G: Lip service? N: Yeah there are so many women came and I said “that suits on you” G: (laughing) N: “you have to buy it” and then they buy it. G: Owh Ok N: I had 5 costumers that time. G: Wow that’s pretty good. You have a large skill on it. N: Yeah... but the problem is that when we do this business, we need to think about money. There are two participants involved in the interaction above. A is an Indonesian woman and B is an American man. The interaction above occurred in the opening part when B initiates the question first by asking whether A likes to do business or not. As an answer, A said that she likes business but she is not good at it. A then explained that one day her friend asked her to help him in his Shoes shop, she said that she was good at lip service, to encouraging people to buy the shoes, B laughed when he heard that story. A continues to explain that she had 5 costumers. In return, B sent a compliment about her ability, saying that she is good at trading. It can be seen from his utterance “Wow that’s pretty good. You have a large skill on it”. It suggests that A used a Qualification strategy in responding to this compliment. By using this strategy, she showed an approval in her first utterance and then she merely qualified the original assertion, usually by using “thought”, “but”, “well”, etc. It can be seen from her utterance “Yeah... but the problem is that when we do this business, we need to think about money” From the conversation above, it can be seen that A rejected that compliment by using Qualification strategy because based on the context, it is assumed that her ability in trading cannot be considered as a compliment if she has a financial problem when she wanted to open business. Based on the context, she might accept that compliment with appreciation or acceptance when she is able to use her ability in maintaining the financial condition of her business. Instead of using appreciation, she used rejection utterance in responding to that compliment. By using rejection as her response, it shows that A wanted to shows that she carried modesty in her conversation in which she tried to reply that compliment even though she showed disagreement toward that compliment. B. No Acknowledgment strategy by Indonesian Speakers No acknowledgment strategy is defined when the compliment recipient seems to be unaware of the compliment and responds by giving either an irrelevant response or no response. It can be seen from the example below which shows that the complimenter gives a compliment and the compliment recipient remains silent toward that utterance. C: So you went to New York? Awesome! R: (silent) The data shows that Indonesian speakers often use this strategy in responding to compliments given by American speakers. Beside Indonesian’s cultural value, there are many other reasons for why Indonesian speakers use this strategy. In the interaction below, there are two participants involved, A is an Indonesian male and B is an American female. (4) A: Even I learn Mandarin and I just get stuck in Hanzu and Kanji. B: Wow you learn Mandarin. That’s awesome A: (silent) B: So you wanna travel? A: Absolutely The interaction above is the continuation of the conversation in the previous data in which A said that he learns Japanese when he was in college. A continued his speech by saying that he likes to learn about languages but find difficulty in learning it. As a comment, B said that he needs to practice. He further says that he also learn Mandarin language. B then forces a compliment to A when she heard that he learns the Mandarin language. It can be seen from her utterance “Wow you learn Mandarin. That’s awesome”. A did not responds at all to that compliment. Here, it suggests that he used a No acknowledgment strategy in compliment response theory where he seems to be unaware with that compliment and replying with no response. Looking at his cultural background, A seems bring his own cultural value ‘indirectness’ in conversing with American speaker. It possibly happens because he did not know what kind of response should he gives as an answer to that compliment because he probably think that a compliment is too much. By carrying indirectness as his cultural value, it is assumed that he did not want to say what is in his mind and he refuses that compliment.This is because accepting or approving that compliment could be considered as an arrogant expression toward the American speaker. Fortunately, it did not trigger any misunderstanding and she continued to jump with another question toward the Indonesian speaker. In the data below, it is suggested that the compliment recipient which is Indonesian speaker does not notice the compliment that is given to her. (5) J: Have you ever done the Harlem shake? I was just saw this video also in Youtube. U: From the Center Harlem shake video? J: Yes U: Did you see me? J: I don’t know U: Oh yeah...You don’t know because I used mask..Nevermind J: So were you in it? U: Yes I do J: Wow...That’s really cool. You must dance well! U: (silent) There are two participants involved in the interaction above. Both of the speakers are females, A is an Indonesian female and B is an American female. Both of the speakers are above 20 years old. In the interaction above, American speaker initiated the question toward Indonesian speaker by asking about whether A has ever done Harlem Shake dance in “The Center” because she watched a Harlem Shake video on Youtube which is presented by the members of “The Center” English club. As an answer, A said yes and asked B whether she saw her in that video. B replies by saying that she doesn’t know and then she asked whether the A was on that video. As a reply, A said that she was on that video. Then B gave a compliment to A regardingA’s appearance in that Harlem Shake video. It can be seen from her utterance “You were dance there. Wow...That’s really cool” Her utterance indicates a compliment because she praises the compliment recipient for the recipient’s action (ability) in that video. A seems to be unaware that she just got a compliment and she hung up that compliment in the air without giving any reply. Here, she applied No Acknowledgment strategy that indicates that she doesn’t recognize that utterance as a compliment and gives no response toward it. This data shows correlation with Herbert theory which states that in No Acknowledgment response, the compliment recipient does not aware of the compliment and gives irrelevant or no response at all. The reason of using this strategy might be because Indonesian speaker does not know the form of compliment which is applied by American speaker in her utterance. Thus, the lack of understanding of American culture is proposed as the main reason why the Indonesian speaker uses this strategy. It is assumed that this strategy will save them from the embarrassment that might happen whether she appreciates or approves the compliment. It is assumed that Indonesian speaker brings indirectness in conversing with American speaker. The use of indirectness is identical with “not saying what is one’s mind” or “never saying what one really thinks” (6) B: you like to run? A: Yeah (smiling) B: That’s amazing...You must be a good runner A: (silent) B: I wish...I’d like running... There are two participants involved in the interaction above, both of the speakers are females, A is an Indonesian female and B is an American female. In previous utterance, Indonesian speaker said that she got a runner-up in a sprint running competition. As a feedback, American speaker asked her whether she likes running or not. As an answer, A said that she likes it. B then gave a compliment toward A by saying “That’s amazing...You must be a good runner” which indicates a form of compliment because she praised A’s ability or what she is good at. As a response, the A did not give any answer toward that utterance and only produced a laugh. It seems that she is unaware of the compliment and responds by giving no response, only by laughing. That action is considered as a part of Non-agreement in Compliment response theory in which is No acknowledgment strategy is when the compliment recipient doesn’t give any relevant response or giving no response. Later, to break the awkwardness, B said that she wish to like running as her sport. There are two possible reasons for why A uses this strategy in responding to the compliment given by the American speaker. Firstly, it is assumed that A did not realize the existence of that compliment. Secondly, there is an assumption in Indonesian culture that being indirect shows respect or modest behavior toward the other speaker. A did not respond that compliment because she is afraid that her response may sounds rude to the American because it could be assumed as an expression of arrogance or superiority toward B. On the contrary, this response is considered less polite by the American speaker because A did not react to the compliment with any appreciation or approval or reasonable response. As a result, it is assumed that once again the Indonesian speaker brings her own cultural value in conversing with American speaker which is “indirectness” CONCLUSION This research is aimed at finding the forms of Rejection which commonly occurs in Indonesian speakers’ utterances when they are either rejecting or denying compliment given by American speakers, influenced by their cultural values. The data shows that most Indonesian speakers rejected the compliment by using No Acknowledgment strategy in which they seem unaware of the compliment that is given to them. Furthermore, the reason for these various rejections is related to the influence of their cultural background. On top of everything, it is found that they reject the compliment because they bring their own cultural value which is ‘indirectness’. This cultural value makes the Indonesian speakers think that it is impolite to accept a compliment because they are afraid of being seen as arrogant. The other reason for rejection could be that by being silent, they think that they are being polite and avoid self-praise. The last reason is Indonesian speakers’ lack of understanding of the American cultural value, especially on how to conduct a cross-cultural response for a compliment. The analysis also shows that Indonesian speakers also use Qualification strategy as their second choice in rejection strategy. They tend to use Qualification strategy as indication of modesty toward the complimenter because Qualification is an appropriate strategy in rejecting compliments toward the complimenter because it merely qualifies the object of the compliment. This makes the rejection is quite reasonable and does not sounds too harsh.Their way of using qualification strategy shows good ethics and modesty to their conversation partner. REFERENCES Brown, Penelope., Levinson, C., & Stephen. Politeness: Some Universal in language Usage. Cambridge University Press.Great Britain, 1987. Print. 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Print. Appendix C : Compliment R : Response