Biodegradation Copper Oxide Electrochemical synthesis Magnesium Nanostructures Orthopaedic Implants Protective Coating Sonochemical Synthesis Ultrasounds advanced characterisation amorphous calcium phosphate biogenic synthesis chemical sensors electrical resistance gold nanoparticles green chemistry microstructures nanometre scale wires reflection silver nanoparticles textiles thermal oxidation thin film deposition vibrating substrate wearable